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The following article appeared in IMPRIMIS, the publication of Hillsdale College, a couple of years ago, and they re-ran it in December 1996. Dr. Craig Chester is not a narrow Fundamentalist, but he is a God honoring and Bible committed man. I have spoken with him about his discoveries, and I was impressed with his zeal for the truth. I think it is startling that at the end of the age, Fundamentalists are falling behind these kind of fellows in many issues. I KNOW that some of you KJV ONLY Fundamentalists will pitch this aside. You will regret it by and by. On the other hand, many Bible Believers are seeing the Christmass evil and preaching against it fiercely. This article will sure give you some ammunition! |
THE
STAR OF
BETHLEHEM
Magazine of Hillsboro College Used by permission
By: Dr. Craig Chester
Past President of Monterey Institute for Research in Astronomy
Craig Chester is a co-founder and past president of the Monterey (California) Institute for Research in Astronomy (MIRA). Founded more than two decades ago, MIRA is the only American professional observatory established in this century that is independent of universities and of the federal Government. Its observatory (at one of the best sites in the U.S.), its educational programs, and its state-of-the art research are funded almost entirely by private donors who wish to support basic science at a unique institution.
As a software consultant, Dr. Chester has worked on a variety of U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force projects, developing ground equipment and software tools for satellite communications.
He holds a Ph.D. in astronomy from Case Western Reserve University.
Disclaimer the translation used for Bible quotes.
The Story of the Star in the East
Someone once ohserved, "The universe is composed of stories, not atoms." The Star of Bethlehem is certainly a story as is most of the Bible, first and foremost. It is also a mystery involviNg not only theology and astronomy, but also history and even astrology. What do we know about the Star of Bethlehem? The popular conception is summarized in the Christmas carol:
We
three kings of Orient are
Bearing
gifts we traverse afar,
Field
and fountain, Moor and mountain,
Following
yonder star
O
star of wonder
Star
of night,
Star
of royal beauty bright
Westward
leading, still proceeding.
Guide
us to thy perfect light.
We all know this carol as the story of the Star, which is fine except for the fact that almost everything in it is wrong. The actual New Testament account of the Star of Bethlehem comes from the second chapter of the Gospel of Matthew:
Jesus was born at Bethlehem in Judaea during the reign of Herod. After his birth astrologers [Magi] from the East arrived in Jerusalem, asking. "Where is the newborn king of the Jews? We observed the rising of his star, and we have come to pay him homage." King Herod was greatly perturbed when he heard this, and so was the whole of Jerusalem. He called together the chief priests and scribes of the Jews and asked them where the Messiah was to he born. "At Bethlehem in Judaea." they replied, "for this is what the prophet wrote: 'Bethlehem in the land of Judah, You are by no means least among the rulers of Judaea: for out of you shall come a ruler to he the shepherd of my people Israel."'
Then Herod summoned the astrologers to meet him secretly, and ascertained from them the exact time when the star had appeared. He sent them to Bethlehem, and said, "Go and make a careful search for the child, and when you have found him, bring me word, so that may go myself and pay him homage."
After hearing what the king had to say they set out: there before them was the star they had seen rising, and it went ahead of them until it stopped above the place where the child lay. They were overjoyed at the sight of it and, entering the house, they saw the child with Mary his mother and bowed low in homage to him; they opened their treasure chests and presented gifts to him: gold, frankincense, and myrrh. Then they returned to their own country by another route, for they had been warned in a dream not to go back to Herod.
This
is not a fabulous tale. It does not conjure up fantastic details or images, and
it is told in a rather mundane fashion, not at all like a fable. It is
also the only account we have of the Star in our Bible. Admittedly, later non-canonical
sources like the Protovangelium of James and an epistle of Ignatius did elaborate
on the story calling the Star the brightest star in the sky, brighter than all
other stars combined even including the sun and the moon, which bowed down before
it. But Matthew is very matter-of-fact. It has also been suggested that this is
a commentary by Matthew, alWays fond of referring to Old Testament prophecies,
on Balaam's oracle in the Book of Numbers that "a star shall come forth out of
Jacob and a scepter shall rise out of Israel." But it would be uncharacteristic
of Matthew to refrain from pointing out this prophecy explicitly, had he had it
in mind.
The Historical Perspective
To understand this story, we must view it in the context of its time. Who were these Magi? Where did they come from? Magi is the plural of Magus, the root of our word magic, and "court astrologers" is probably the best translation, although "wise men" is also a good term, descriptive of the esteem in which they were widely held. The group of Magi in question came "from the East." They might have been Zoroastrians, Medes, Persians, Arabs, or even Jews.
They probably served as court advisors, making forecasts and predictions for their royal patrons based on their study of the stars, about which they were quite knowledgeable. Magi often wandered from court to court, and it was not unusual for them to cover great distances in order to attend the birth or crowning of a king, paying their respects and offering gifts. It is not surprising, therefore, that Matthew would mention them as validation of Jesus kingship, or that Herod would regard their arrival as a very serious matter.
When might these Magi have appeared in Judaea? Obviously, determining the story's date is important if we are to look for astronomical connections. We might assume that it was around 1 B.C. or 1 A.D.I since that is when, by conventional reckoning, Jesus was born. But the calendar on which these dates are based was set by the Roman monk Dionysius Exiguus in the year 525 A.D, long after the fact. Scholars writing in the first and second centuries A.D. asserted that Jesus was born between what we now call 4 B.C. and 1 B.C. They were living much closer to the event and had access to thousands of historical records in many excellent libraries, and their opinions probably should be given much more weight than has been common.
How about the time of the year? The best clue is a passage in the Book of Luke:
And there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the fields, keeping watch over their flock by night.
If the reference to "fields" is accurate- not pastures or holding pens- we might guess at a date in late summer or early fall, for it was customary for farmers to allow sheep and cattle to graze the stubble in the fields following the harvest. This clue is suggestive, but hardly definitive.
One difficulty in seeking a precise date is the fact that Matthew reports two different sightings, possibly separated by a substantial time. First, the Magi saw the Star rising "en anatole," best translated as ''rising in the East," the ancient technical term for an acronical rising, when an object rises at sunset and is visible all night. After they come to Jerusalem- we do not know how long that took, and there is no indication that the Star was in any way involved with the journey- they see the Star again as they travel the few miles to Bethlehem:
There before them was the star they had seen rising, and it went ahead of them until it stopped above the place where the child lay. There was no need for a bright or supernatural guiding light to find Bethlehem from Jerusalem; it lies just five miles south on the main road. There is a reference not to the "house" of an infant (brephos in the Greek) but of a paidion, or toddler, indicating that some months may have elapsed since the birth itself.
What are the astronomical possibilities? This question has been asked many times since the Christian apologist Origen first raised it around 250 A.D. It is safe to say that every astronomical event known to have occurred during, say, the decade of interest has at some point been proposed as the Star of Bethlehem. The key point to answering this question is to note that it is not just any astronomical event that is of interest. We can restrict our inquiry to those appearances that would have had astrological significance to the Magi, who declared:
"We observed the rising of his star, and we have come to pay him homage."
An astrological event may not have been very obvious at all; certainly it was not obvious to Herod. Had it been an incomparably bright object, as later writers thought, there would be numerous written records of it. It is much more plausible that the Star of Bethlehem went unnoticed by all but a few experts such as the Magi.
>
The Death of Herod
A major key to the chronology is the date of the death of Herod the Great, the father of another Herod-Herod Antipas, who executed John the Baptist and who ruled at the time of the Crucifixion. Herod the Great was alive when the Star of Bethlehem appeared, and the commonly quoted date for his death is 4 B.C. Thus dates of 7 B.C. through 4 B.C. are often given for the birth of Jesus. The political events of this period are best known from the writings of Josephus Flavius, the Jewish historian who lived from 37 A.D. to about 95 A.D. His testimony has always been considered vital in determining these dates. But the accounts of Josephus and the entire history of this period have been reassessed recently with important new results, by Ernest Martin, whose book, The Star that Astonished the World (ASK Publications, 1991) has become the authoritative source on the subject.
According
to Josephus, on the night of lunar eclipse Herod executed two rabbis. They
were accused of inciting some young men to climb up on the wall and tear down
the golden eagLe that the king had ordered placed on the gate to the Temple in
Jerusalem. This eagle was, of course, an abomination to the Jews because it was
a graven image. Soon after this incident, Herod died and was buried. One of his
sons inherited his throne shortly before Passover was celebrated. It was long
believed that the lunar eclipse in question occurred on March 13 in 4 B.C. But
this was only a partial eclipse (40 percent total) and fairly hard to detect.
And it occurred only 19 days before Passover. Here is what would have had to happen
in those 29 days:
Herod was sick at the time of the execution of the rabbis, and his condition worsened almost immediately. He was treated for a time by his physicians, to no avail. He then decided to pack up the royal household and move to Jericho to lake the baths. He tried the baths unsuccessfully for some days and then returned to Jerusalem. Believing that he soon would die, Herod came up with a diabolical plan to insure that all of Israel would mourn his death, in spite of his unpopularity. He commanded the leading men from around the country to come to Jerusalem: where he imprisoned them in the Hippodrome and ordered the army to execute them as soon as he was dead. Israel would indeed mourn. he vowed. (Fortunately, the order was not carried out.)
In the meantime, word arrived from Rome that Herod finally had the emperor's permission to execute his rebellious son Antipater and he promptly complied. Five days later Herod died, but not before decreeing that his was to he the largest funeral ever held in the history of the world. His body was embalmed. The army was assembled to carry his body in the funeral procession to a burial site some 25 miles away. The soldiers walked in bare feet, as was required when in mourning, traveling one mile a day. A legate from Rome, where word of Herod's death had been received, arrived to protect the royal treasury. Finally, Herod's son Archelaus was crowned king and had time to issue a few decrees prior to the celebration of Passover.
The 29 days between the eclipse of 4 B.C. and the following Passover simply did not allow enough time for all of this to have happened. A minimum of ten weeks would have been required. But on January 10, 1 B.C., there was a total lunar eclipse visible in Palestine, and it occurred twelve and a half weeks before Passover.
As Martin points out, there are other compelling reasons to regard 1 B.C. as the true date of Herod's death. For example, the War of Varus, known to have followed Herod's death, can be redated to 1 B.C., where it fits the other known facts perfectly. As a clincher, it has recently been discovered that Josephus himself dated Herod's death to 1 B.C.; a sixteenth century copyist's error is responsible for the incorrect date, which has been propagated to modem editions of Josephus.
If we conclude that Herod did die in the spring of 1 B.C., we are free to add the years 3 B.C. and 2 B.C. to our search for the Star of Bethlehem. What was happening then? The year 2 B.C. marked the 25th anniversary of Caesar Augustus's rule and the 750th anniversary of the founding of Rome. Huge celebrations were planned. The whole empire was at peace. The doors of the temple of Janus were closed for only, the third time in Roman history. To honor their emperor, the people were to rise as one and name him pater patriae, or "Father of the Country." Now, getting the people of an empire to do something "spontaneously" requires a great deal of organization. And so an enrollment, or census, was ordered:
In those days, a decree went out from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be enrolled,...And all went to be enrolled, each to his own city.
This enrollment, described
in the Book of Luke, which brought Joseph and Mary to Bethlehem, has always been
a mystery since no regular census occurred at this time. But the pater patriae
enrollment fits perfectly.
The Astronomical Perspective
What astronomical events, possibly in the years 3 or 2 B.C., might have been related to the Star of Bethlehem? A nova- the unexpected, sudden brightening of a star from invisibility into a bright object for a period of days or weeks- has been suggested. But there is no historical record of such a nova, nor is it clear what a nova's astrological significance would be. Origen himself suggested a comet, for comets appear sporadically, move, and can even seem to point down to the earth. But the recorded comets around this time, even Halley's Comet in 12 B.C., were not very impressive; astrologically, they were considered ominous. Meteors and fireballs are even less likely candidates.
Conjunctions of planets have also long been considered good possibilities. A conjunction is a close apparent approach between two celestial objects. Technically speaking, a conjunction occurs at the moment when both objects have the same celestial longitude; one is due north of the other. The closer the objects, the more visually impressive the event and the more significant astrologically. In 3 B.C. and 2 B.C., there was a series of close conjunctions involving Jupiter, the planet that represented kingship, coronations, and the birth of kings. In Hebrew Jupiter was known as Sedeq or "Righteousness," a term also used for the Messiah.
In September of 3 B.C., Jupiter came into conjunction with Regulus, the star of kingship, the brightest star in the constellation of Lee, Leo was the consteLlation of kings, and it was associated with the Lion of Judah. The royal planet approached the royal star in the royal constellation representing Israel. Just a month earlier, Jupiter and Venus, the Mother planet: had almost seemed to touch each other in another close conjunction, also in Leo. Then the conjunction between Jupiter and Regulus was repeated, not once but twice, in February and May of 2 B.C. Finally, in june of 2 B.C., Jupiter and Venus, the two brightest objects in the sky save the sun and the moon, experienced an even closer encounter when their disks appeared to touch; to the naked eye they became a single object above the setting sun. This exceptionally rare spectacle could not have been missed by the Magi.
In fact, we have seen here only the highlights of an impressive series of planetary motions and conjunctions fraught with a variety of astrological meanings, involving all the other known planets of the period: Mercury, Mars, and Saturn. The astrological significance of these impressive events must surely have been seen by the Magi as the announcement of the impending birth of a great king of Israel.
September
11, 3 B.C., is perhaps the most interesting date of all. Not only was Jupiter
very close to Regulus in the first of their conjunctions, but the sun was in the
constellation of Virgo (of obvious symbolism- the Virgin), together with the new
moon (a Jewish symbolic event), in a configuration that fits a plausible interpretation
of a passage in the Book of Revelation describing the birth of a male child who
is to be the ruler of the universe. Significantly, September 11, 3 B.C., also
marked the beginning of the Jewish New Year, traditionally regarded as the anniversary
of Noah's landing after the Great Flood.
But if the planet Jupiter was the Star of Bethlehem, or was a component of the events that triggered the visit by the Magi, how do we view the final appearance of the Star on their journey to Bethlehem? It would have been in the southern sky, though fairly high above the horizon. Could the Star have stopped over Bethlehem? The answer is yes. The word "stop" was used for what we now call a planet's "stationary point." A planet normally moves eastward through the stars from night to night and month to month, but regularly exhibits a "retrograde loop." After it passes the opposite point in the sky from the sun, it appears to slow, come to a full stop, and move backward (westward) through the sky for some weeks. Again it slows, stops, and resumes its eastward course.
[ Editor: Blessed Quietness Journal- This is caused by the orbits of Jupiter and the earth as the earth and Jupiter "take up the slack," as it were, in their orbital differences. This gives the earth sky viewer the illusion that Jupiter is reversing its movement. ]
It seems plausible that the Magi were "overjoyed" at again seeing before them, as they traveled southward, "his star," Jupiter, which at its stationary point was standing still over Bethlehem. We do know for certain that Jupiter performed a retrograde loop in 2 B.C. and that it was stationary on December 25, interestingly enough, during Hanukkah, the season for giving presents.
[
Editor: Blessed Quietness Journal- I spoke to Dr. Chester at length about this.
The research was done with a computer program which can reproduce the night sky
from any observation point at any time in the past. This was done by his research
group by men of mixed religious background. They had nothing to prove in a number
of cases. The results were so startling that Dr. Chester was asked to reproduce
the results by computer program and feed them into the Zeiss camera at the Mount
Wilson Observatory near Los Angeles, California. When this was done one evening,
and when the lights went out, a private audience of astronomers were the only
ones viewing. Dr. Chester said the men, including a number of committed atheists,
were ALL in total awe. The conclusion, unanimously, was that it was true, and
that Jesus birth was the central fact of that astronomical event. That is more
faith than a lot of some of you dime store theologians have! ]
What Room for God?
Where
has this search for the Star of Bethlehem taken us? There has been much discussion
in recent years about the "God of the gaps"- finding God in the gaps between the
portions of some subject that we feel we understand scientifically. It seems to
me that this is a dangerous position, for science by definition cannot admit to
such gaps and must search continually to fill them with its understanding, and
it often will succeed in so doing. Here the situation is different. The question
is: What meaning, what room for God, do we find in the events that we know to
have occurred?
If we have correctly identified the Star of Bethlehem, the science is clear and simple. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) was the German astronomer who discovered the physical laws describing planetary orbits. These orbits are so predictable that we can deduce quite accurately what the sky looked like two thousand years ago. Even the ancient Magi understood apparent planetary motions quite well. Predictions of the conjunction of 3 and 2 B.C. were made 400 years prior to the birth of Christ, and they were in error by only a few days. There is no need to invoke God or divine miracles to explain what happened in the heavens above Judaea. Natural laws are sufficient.
But is this kind of sufficiency really enough for us? The significant question raised here is not what happened, but why it happened. What does it mean? Was Matthew right in seeing this event as divine confirmation of a central moment in God's plan for mankind? What room is left for God, not as an agent filling in the gaps between what we can understand as physical causes, but as the creator of purpose? Was God's purpose fulfilled by the great celestial dance that we call the Star of Bethlehem?
These are examples of the kind of questions we are faced with daily. No theologian can say, in a way convincing to a scientist, that some event required an act of God outside natural law. Similarly, no scientist can say that some event was merely (a dangerous word) an act of natural law working itself out with no other meaning. That is, no one is forced to believe that what happened in the heavens two thousand years ago was a simple, natural event devoid of meaning. The Star of Bethlehem was an excellent example of an event that occurs right at the intersection of Christianity and science, in a world created by a God who chose to institute natural laws but who nevertheless continues to carry out His own purposes.
Editor:
Blessed Quietness Journal-
Dr. Chester believes that God did what
the Bible says He did, and Dr. Chester is not an evolutionist as far as I know.
The thing that is startling is the lack of attention this research has been given
in Christian magazines and education centers. Why is this? Answer: Christ-mass
is a sacred cow in Christendom, and even Fundamentalists, by and large, will
not question the filthy holiday. Are YOU also such a wimp?
LINKS:
Further works of Dr. Craig Chester
Book on the Star of Bethlehem Project and Discoveries
This book seeks to identify the Star of Bethlehem mentioned in the New Testament. This is not a religious book. It is a book of science and history to demonstrate what was the star that led the Wise Men to Bethlehem. The new evidence that is given will make the story of the Nativity a much more reasonable and interesting account than most narratives have provided up to now. The historical and astronomical research in this book is why many planetariums are now showing what was astronomically happening at the crucial time in history when Jesus of Nazareth was born. The planetarium staffs are not making judgments on these celestial phenomena, and this is the correct procedure for such observatories. Planetariums are scientific establishments and are not intended to give opinions on historical or biblical matters. But they are aware of the fascinating and spectacular astronomical relationships that were occurring in 3 to 2 B.C.E., the period that history reveals Jesus was born. Because these celestial events were so remarkable and symbolically significant, many planetariums have considered it worthwhile to show them as a service to the general public because of the widespread interest in this "star."
Since the introduction of computers in the study of astronomical phenomena that occurred within past history, great strides have been made in the last twenty years in determining the actual chronology of those historical events of the past. These facilities were not available to earlier historians and theologians trying to identify what the Star of Bethlehem really was. That is why this new evidence, which comes from up-to-date scientific evaluations, has made it much easier to find the "star" that led the Wise Men to the infant Jesus. The identification of the Bethlehem Star is an event for which astronomy can provide evidence. This book gives the historical and biblical evidence (along with the astronomical) that makes the identification possible.
There is one thing for certain. The astronomical and historical information given in this book makes the period of Jesus' nativity come alive as never before. Whether people today wish to view these planetary/stellar events (that I will present in this book) from the early Roman, Mesopotamian or a Palestinian perspective, or even from a modern secular one, we now have clear evidence that there was once (at the beginning of our era) a unique appearance of a magnificent "Star that Astonished the World."
Ernest L. Martin, Ph.D.
ge